1. Contoh text Narrative
The Story of Mbok Gendong
One day in a village lived an old grandmother. She was called mbok
Gendong. She was a widow. One particular day, she bought a fish net to catch fish. She wanted to replace her
husband work. Since that time mbok Gendong always went to the beach to catch
the fish. She threw the net and drew it back. Once, when she drew the
net back, there was a gold snail hooked in her net. She put that snail in the
clean water container, and then she took it home. The day after that, she quit
as a fshier
and sold a teak leave again. But, it was not saleable. Then, she was back home
with a disappointed feeling.
When she got home, she found there was delicious food on the
table. She asked around who made it but no one answered. She was puckish and
careless, so she ate it. This happened everyday, so she was eager to know who
prepared the food. She pretended to leave home. But quickly she returned back
again. She peeped through the fence hole. She was very surprised to see the snail
princess at her house. The princess was Chandra Kirana, "I was changed by
a witch to be a snail, before I met you," said the Princess. Then, mbok
Gendong said, "Would you be my foster child?" The princess accepted.
One morning, there was a beggar who asked for food. Chandra Kirana
gave him some food. Suddenly, the beggar changed into a handsome man. Actually,
he was Morgan Kusuma prince. He was Chandra Kirana’s husband.
Finally, the prince and princess, Morgan Kusuma and Chandra Kirana
lived happily and they took mbok Gendong with them.
2. Contoh text narrative
Doctor Knowall
There was once upon a time a poor peasant called Crabb, who drove
with two oxen and a load of wood to the town, and sold it to a doctor for two
talers. When the money was being counted out to him, it so happened that the
doctor was sitting at table, and when the peasant saw how well he ate and
drank, his heart desired what he saw, and would willingly have been a doctor
too. So he remained standing a while, and at length inquired if he too could
not be a doctor. ‘Oh, yes,’ said the doctor, 'that is easily done.' ''What must
I do?" Asked the peasant.
"First buy yourself an A B C book of the kind which has a
cock on the frontispiece; second, sell your cart and your two oxen, and get
yourself some clothes, and whatsoever else pertains to medicine; third, have a
sign painted for yourself with the
words, "I am Doctor Knowall," and have that nailed up above
your house-door." The peasant did everything that he had been told to do.
After he had treated people a while, a rich and great lord had some money
stolen. Then he was told about Doctor Knowall who lived in such and such a
village, and must know what had become of the money. So the lord had the horses
harnessed to his carriage, drove out to the village, and asked Crabb ifhe was
Doctor Knowall. Yes, he was, he said. Then he was to go with him and bring back
the stolen money. 'Oh, yes, but Grete, my wife, must go too.' The lord was
willing, and let both of them have a seat in the carriage, and they all drove
away together.
When they came to the nobleman's castle, the table was spread, and
Crabb was told to sit down and eat. 'Yes, but my wife, Grete, too,' he said,
and he seated himself with her at the table. And when the first servant came with a dish of delicate fare, the peasant nudged
his wife, and said: 'Grete, that was the first,' meaning that was the
servant who brought the first dish. The servant, however, thought he meant to
say: 'That is the first thief,' and as he actually
was so, he was terrified, and said to his comrade outside: 'The doctor
knows all: we shall fare ill, he said I was the first.' The second did not want to go in at all, but was forced to.
So when he went in with his dish, the peasant nudged his wife, and said:
'Grete, that is the second.'
This servant was equally alarmed, and he got out as fast as he
could. The third fared no better, for the peasant again said: 'Grete, that is
the third.' The fourth had to carry in a dish that was covered, and the lord
told the doctor that he was to show his skill, and guess what was beneath the
cover. Actually, there were crabs. The doctor looked at the dish, had no idea
what to say, and cried: 'Ah, poor Crabb.' When the lord heard that, he cried:
‘There! He knows it; he must also know who has the money!'
At this the servants looked terribly uneasy, and made a sign to
the doctor that they wished him to step outside for a moment. When he went out,
all four of them confessed to him that they had stolen the money, and said that
they would willingly restore it and give him a heavy sum into the bargain, if
he would not denounce them, for if he did they would be hanged. They led him to
the spot where the money was concealed. With this the doctor was satisfied, and returned to the hall, sat down to the table, and said: 'My
lord, now I will find in my book where the gold is hidden.' The fifth servant, however, crept into the stove to hear if the doctor
knew more. But the doctor sat still and opened his A B C book, turned the pages
backwards and forwards, and looked for the cock.
As he could not find it immediately he said: 'I
know you are there, so you had better come out!' Then the fellow in the stove
thought that the doctor meant him, and full of terror, sprang out, crying:
'That man knows everything!' Then Doctor Knowall showed the lord where the
money was, but did not say that had stolen it, and received from both sides
much money in reward, and became a renowned man.
3. Contoh text Discussion
Birth Control
Most people agree that some form of family limitation or spacing
is desirable for the good of the family and society. But individuals and
groups– especially religious groups–differ sharply on the methods of birth
control that they consider moral and acceptable.
Couples that practice birth control do so for various reasons.
They may want to limit or space their children, or to have no children at all.
Young couples often postpone having children so that both partners can work
full-time. Other couples space their children so they can give each child as
much attention as possible. Some women are advised by their doctors to avoid
pregnancy for health reasons. In many countries with rapidly growing
populations, the government encourages couples to limit the size of their
families.
Even though birth control has gained in acceptance, opposition to
the practice is continuous. Some people fear that birth control encourages
sexual relations outside marriage or that government might impose birth
control. Some religious groups oppose birth control on moral grounds.
Some religious groups teach that artificial methods of birth control are immoral because they separate
the two purposes of intercourse in marriage–conjugal love and the procreation
of children. Although they oppose all artificial birth control, they
consider natural family planning acceptable.
4. Contoh Explanation text
Acid Rain
Acid rain is rain that is highly acidic because of sulphur oxides,
nitrogen oxides, and other air pollutants dissolved in it. Normal rain is
slightly acidic, with a pH of 6. Acid rain may have a pH value as low as 2.8.
Acid rain can severely damage both plant and animal life. Certain
lakes, for example, have lost all fish and plant life because of
acid rain.
Acid rain comes from sulphur in coal and oil. When they burn, they
make sulphur dioxide (SO2). Most sulphur leaves factory chimneys as the gaseous
sulphur dioxide (SO2) and most nitrogen is also emitted as one of the nitrogen
oxides (NO or NO2), both of which are gases. The gases may be drying
deposited–absorbed directly by the land, by lakes or by the surface vegetation.
If they are in the atmosphere for any time, the gases will oxidise (gain an
oxygen atom) and go into solution as acids. Sulphuric acid (H2SO4) and the
nitrogen oxides will become nitric acid (HNO3). The acids usually dissolve in
cloud droplets and may travel great distances before being precipitated as acid
rain. Catalysts such as hydrogen peroxide, ozone and ammonium help promote the
formation of acids in clouds. More ammonium (NH4) can be formed when some of
the acids are partially neutralised by airborne ammonia (NH3). Acidification increases with the number of active hydrogen (H+) ions
dissolved in acid. Hydrocarbons emitted by for example, car exhausts will react
in sunlight with nitrogen oxides to produce ozone. Although it is invaluable in
the atmosphere, low level ozone causes respiratory problems and also hastens
the formation of acid rain. When acid rain falls on the ground it dissolves and
liberates heavy metals and aluminium (Al). When it is washed into lakes,
aluminium irritates the outer surfaces of many sh. As acid rain falls or drains into the lake the pH of the lake
falls. Forests suffer the effect of acid rain through damage to leaves, through
the loss of vital nutrients, and through the increased amounts of toxic metals
liberated by acid, which damage roots and soil micro organisms.
5. Contoh text Book review
To Kill a Mockingbird
by Harper Lee
Warner Books
Reviewed by Rodman Philbrick
I’ve never been to Alabama,
but novelist Harper Lee made me feel as if I had been there in the long, hot
summer of 1935, when a lawyer named Atticus Finch decided to defend an innocent
black man accused of a horrible crime. The story of how the whole town reacted
to the trial is told by the lawyer’s daughter, Scout, who remembers exactly
what it was like to be eight years old in 1935, in Maycomb, Alabama.
Scout is the reason I loved this book, because her voice rings so
clear and true. Not only does she make me see the things she sees, she makes me
feel the things she feels. There’s a lot more going on than just the trial, and
Scout tells you all about it.
A man called Boo Radley lives next door. Very few people have ever
seen Boo, and Scout and her friends have a lot of fun telling scary stories
about him. The mystery about Boo Radley is just one of the reasons you want to
keep turning the pages to find out what happens in To Kill
a Mockingbird.
To Kill a Mockingbird is filled with interesting
characters like Dill, and Scout makes them all seem just as real as the people
in your own hometown. Here’s how Scout describes Miss Caroline, who wore a
red–striped dress: “She looked and smelled like a peppermint drop.”
The larger theme of the story is about racial intolerance, but
Scout never tries to make it a “lesson,” it’s simply part of the world she
describes. That’s why To Kill a Mockingbird rings true, and why it all seems so
real.
Even
though the story took place many years ago, you get the idea that parts of it
could happen today, in any town where people distrust and fear each other’s
differences.
In a
just world an innocent man should be found not guilty. But if you want to know
what this particular jury finally decides and what happens to Scout and Jem and
Dill and Boo Radley and the rest of the people who live and breathe in To Kill
a Mockingbird, you’ll have t read the book
6. Contoh Report text
A Kangaroo
A
kangaroo is an animal found only in Australia,
although it has a smaller relative, called a wallaby, which lives on the
Australian island of Tasmania and also in New Guinea.
Kangaroos
eat grass and plants. They have short front legs, but very long, and very
strong back legs and a tail. These are used for sitting up and for jumping.
Kangaroos
have been known to make forward jumps of over eight meters, and leap across
fences more than three meters high. They can also run at speeds of over 45
kilometers per hour. The largest kangaroos are the Great Grey Kangaroo and the
Red Kangaroo. Adult grow to a length of 1.60 meters and weigh over 90 kilos.
Kangaroos
are marsupials. This means that the female kangaroo has an external pouch on
the front of her body. A baby kangaroo is very tiny when it is born, and it
crawls at once into this pouch where it spends its first five months of life.
7. Contoh Report text
What Is Thunder and Lightning?
Lightning
is a sudden, violent flash of electricity between a cloud and the ground, or
from cloud to cloud. A lightning fl ash, or bolt, can be several miles long. It
is so hot, with an average temperature of 34,000° Centigrade that the air
around it suddenly expands with a loud blast. This is the thunder we hear.
Lightning
occurs in hot, wet storms. Moist air is driven up to a great height. IIt forms
a type of cloud called cumulonimbus. When the cloud rises high enough, the moisture
freezes and ice crystals and snowflakes are formed.
These
begin to fall, turning to rain on the way down. This rain meets more moist air
rising, and it is the friction between them which produces static electricity.
When a
cloud is fully charged with this electricity, it discharges it as a lightning
flash.
8. Contoh
text analytical Exposition
Access to Clean Water:
A Problem for Indonesia
Access to
clean water is one of Indonesia's
biggest problems. According to the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) Report
2007, published by the National Development Planning Board, piped water is
accessible to 30.8 per cent of households in the country's cities and 9 per
cent in its villages. Such figures show the limitations of the municipality's
water service provider, PDAM.
Lack of
investment in clean water is one reason PDAM gives for its limited outreach.
Based on a government statement, to meet the MDGs target by 2015, Indonesia needs
Rp43 trillion (US$4.6 billion) in clean water funding. The government currently
provides Rp500 billion.
In order
to close the funding gap, the government expects private investment in drinking
water infrastructure.
The need
for clean water funding is something that cannot be covered by private
investment. In Indonesia,
most PDAM utilities have small scales of economy and are therefore unattractive
to investors.
There is
no evidence to suggest private investors will improve the efficiency and
effectiveness of water services, whereas the government has a duty to do so.
Increasing
public funding for clean water infrastructure is the most rational approach for
Indonesia.
This effort should begin with an analysis of the needs of locals. This should
be done through a democratic and participatory process.
There are
resources and mechanisms the government could employ to increase clean water
funding, such as state and local budgets, grants, government bonds and
community-public partnership.
In order
to use a grant system, the government should improve its proposal management
and clearly focus on real needs in order to widen clean water services.
PDAM
could use existing funds more efficiently. Ifit could reduce leakages from 40
per cent to 20 per cent, it would have more disposable funds to invest in
infrastructure. PDAM should use cost recovery principles, as long as costs are
not passed on to consumers. Cost recovery principles should also be supported
by a proper subsidy mechanism.
Bond
investing is a traditional lending instrument for public services. The
mechanism needs conditions, such as strong capital structure at local level.
A few of
mechanisms in place now do help the poor access clean water at affordable
prices. The most important thing is to make sure the mechanisms run properly
and that the needs of people at the local level are met through appropriate
funding.
9. Contoh spoof
Because
my husband, John, tends to snore, I rarely get more than a couple of hours
sleep each night. When he awakens refreshed in the morning, he's always
astonished to find that he has been the cause of another sleepless night for
me.
One night
John had severe allergy symptoms, so he took some medication before he went to
bed. To my surprise, he fell into a deep sleep, allowing me to nod off
comfortably too.
I awoke
to find him shaking me. "What's the matter?" I asked, trying not to
sound irritable. "Are you in pain?"
"No,"
he said, "but the drugs have worn off, and I can't sleep." I stared
at him in exhausted disbelief. "What do you want me to do about it?"
I said through clenched teeth.
"Oh,
nothing," he replied. "I just wanted you to know."
On a
recent vacation at a resort with my in-laws, we planned to spend an afternoon
at the pool with our kids. We wanted to bring our own drinks, but were unsure
of the hotel's policy. My brother-in-law called the front desk, and assuming
everyone was familiar with the brand of ice chest he had, asked if it was all
right if he brought a Playmate to the pool. After a pause the clerk asked,
"Does she have her own towel?”
A husband
and wife went to the fairgrounds. The wife wanted to go on the Ferris wheel,
but the husband wasn't comfortable with that. So the wife went on the ride by
herself.
The wheel
went round and round and suddenly the wife was thrown out and landed in a heap
at her husband's feet.
"Are
you hurt?" he asked.
"Of
course I'm hurt!" she replied.
"Three
times around and you didn't wave once!"
10. Contoh Hortatory Exposition
Helping Children Discover Their Own Identity
Thesis
Children
of today's advanced world are different from those in the past. With easy access
to modern technology, children of today are able to learn everything they
encounter in their life, including world-class information. In terms of
knowledge of the world, one must admit, they seem to surpass children brought
up in the era when techno logical equipment was still traditional.
The rapid
growth of children's cognitive, physical and social adaptations is an
indication of how they can be easily shaped by the modern vicinity. This is a
critical period when children are begin ning to try to discover their own true
identity.
Parental
guidance is necessary to assist them in leading to the correct path. To do
this, intervention, however, is not always mandatory if parents are upbeat that
their offspring can handle the conundrum they are facing on their own.
Self-reliance, in any occasion, needs to be stressed.
Argument
What
parents need to do is to respect the changes going on within their child's
world, and respond appropriately to their changing needs. Here a close
monitoring rather than control taking is essential.
This may
sound like ideal advice; yet not all parents may agree with this. A parent who
was raised in a democratic family atmosphere will certainly pass down the
freedom he/she had enjoyed during childhood to his/her offspring. On the other
hand, those who were brought up in a conservative and authoritative family will
inculcate traditional values to their children, restricting them by tightly
abiding to what the parents believe to be the correct norms.
Clearly,
a parent's family back-ground will, exert a considerable influence in helping
his/her children to learn both formally and informally. It is more likely that
parents will consistently follow the mind-set they adopted from their father or
mother if they think that it is beneficial. Today's parents, how ever, need to
be aware that not all values and norms that their parents implanted in them
during their childhood are compatible with modern reality. Things have changed
consider ably, and parents should take this into account.
It might,
for example, be felt less relevant to impose traditional control over their
children's conduct about what they need to do to attain academic achievement.
However,
most parents still cling to this, acting as if they are omni science and know
perfectly what is best for their children.
In
guiding children in search of true identity, it is important for today's
parents to listen and accommodate all feedback from their children. Though it
seems too difficult for some conservative parents to implement this, it is essential
to a child's development into an emotionally mature adult.
Parents
also should not exercise too much authority so as to overprotect their children
to develop their potential to the fullest. Parental intervention, if it is done
in an improper manner, can do more harm than good.
If not in
accord with children's interests, parents' excessive intervention is seen by
children as something that inhibits rather than facilitates their academic
excursions. Parents may probably not realize that their children simply want
them to stay in the background and to provide whatever support and resources
they need to venture out into the world.
This does
not imply that intervention is not necessary. At the very young age when the
influence of a peer group is extremely powerful, parents need to intervene by
setting a strong measure to help their children resist the pressure to behave
in ways that do not meet family standards.
The best
way parents can aid their children is by successfully discovering their true
identity and growing up to be an emotionally mature adult is to take a flexible
approach. Parents need not always rigidly follow and impose certain norms and
values, which are imbued with their family tradition during their childhood, on
their children. Understanding children from the way they see the reality is
surely a far more rewarding experience.
